Climate Change: It’s Course With Time
Author: Arnab Das Gupta,
3rd year student,
School Of Law,
Christ Deemed to be university.
Abstract:-
This paper extensively deals with the alarming issues of effects being brought by the drastic change over the climatic condition throughout the passage of time. It covers the fields of various factors which are largely responsible for increasing climate change on hazardous levels. For the purpose of understanding The effects of Climate Change, this paper illustrates the era starting from the 20thcentury till the present day and forwarding it to the future where Climate Change as an adverse has been pointed out at large. The paper contains subjects as Climate change performance index, emission levels, agricultural and industrial activities and various other factors through which contemplating the issue of Climate Change shall be addressed. Then moving forward, the paper shall give an insight in regards with the economics and social welfare which tackles the issues on Climate Change and adding to it the jurisprudence in regard with environment protection and the prevalence of the legality existing and legal value which needs to be put into existence to coupe up with the issue of Climate Change and how it has been adversely affecting the welfare of the environment and human life as a whole.
Introduction:-
Climate change as we all know has been illustrated as an issue in the present day at large. It had all started after modernisation of human civilization started at large during the 20th century. Preceding the mid 1960s, geoscientists accepted that our atmosphere could just change generally gradually, on timescales of thousands of years or more. In any case, proof from ice and residue centers indicated that conviction wasn’t right. Earth’s atmosphere had changed quickly previously—now and again, inside simple decades. Acknowledging that atmosphere could change on human timescales made atmosphere forms significantly more fascinating examination subjects. It additionally prodded political intrigue.
Thirty years prior, the possibly troublesome effect of warmth catching outflows from consuming petroleum products and downpour woods became first-page news. It had taken a time of gathering science, and a major move in observations, for that to occur. Svante Arrhenius, the spearheading Swedish researcher who in 1896 originally assessed the extent of warming from across the board coal consuming, basically anticipated this as a help, both in rural abundance and “progressively equable and better atmospheres, particularly as respects the colder districts of the Earth.”
There were dispersed news reports as the decades progressed, remembering a surprisingly clear 1956 article for the New York Times that passed on how amassing ozone harming substance emanations from vitality creation would prompt durable ecological changes. In its end, the article predicted what’s become the principle obstruction to handling destructive emanations: the wealth of petroleum derivatives. “Coal and oil are as yet copious and modest in numerous pieces of the world, and there is each motivation to accept that both will be devoured by industry insofar as it pays to do as such.” Environmental change is the long haul modification in Earth’s atmosphere and climate designs. It took almost an era of research and information to persuade most by far from mainstream researchers that human movement could adjust the atmosphere of our whole planet. During the 1800s, tests recommending that human-created carbon dioxide (CO2) and different gases could gather in the environment and protect Earth were met with more interest than concern. By the late 1950s, CO2 readings would offer a portion of the main information to authenticate the dangerous atmospheric deviation hypothesis. In the long run, a plenitude of information, alongside atmosphere demonstrating would show that an unnatural weather change was genuine, yet that it additionally exhibited a large group of critical outcomes.
As the society moved along with its development at large during the beginning of the 21stcentury, Climatic conditions started to degrade at a larger level. For such degradation, various factors were being responsible for it. With globalization and modernisation spreading like wildfire and much comfort was illustrated into the human lives, the issue of climate change remained untouched while very few little states and organisations were marching towards establishing much efficient manners through which an issue like climate change could be slowed but not stopped. Somewhere in the range of 1980 and 2011 floods influenced more that 5,000,000 individuals around the world prompting major monetary misfortunes. Harm to property and human wellbeing forces substantial expenses to individuals and national economies. Because of environmental change, social orders likewise experience obligation as parts that depend on explicit temperatures, for example, horticulture and the travel industry, are influenced. Also, there are portions of the planet that are getting drier and crisp water assets are getting scarcer regular. Dry seasons and desertification are expanding the requests of water supplies in numerous nations. Changing c
limate examples will change the regions where plants and creatures can live, driving a few species to relocate, while expanding the pace of elimination in a worldwide scale. As a result of notable dry spells, ranchers are compelled to plant various yields so as to endure. Environmental change can likewise influence the wellbeing to people, because of high temperatures, contamination and illnesses conveyed by bugs and creatures that move. The World Health Organization calls attention to that dry season, debased air and water quality and more prominent risks in beach front and low-lying districts will make appalling medical issues. Changes which were brought by the effects of climate change were taken into consideration which in return gave us the establishment of various organisations which took up the responsibility to maintain checks and balances over the changes considering the climatic conditions. Here we shall be signifying on the role of Law and regulations which were put into effect to control the increasing drastic changes of the climatic conditions which shall be addressed in the further instances of the paper. The paper in its further course of action shall contain economic, jurisprudential and social welfare aspects of the Change being brought for sorting the issue of climate change. There can be three board trends through which we can simplify the issue of proper facilitation of laws relating to climate change:-
limate examples will change the regions where plants and creatures can live, driving a few species to relocate, while expanding the pace of elimination in a worldwide scale. As a result of notable dry spells, ranchers are compelled to plant various yields so as to endure. Environmental change can likewise influence the wellbeing to people, because of high temperatures, contamination and illnesses conveyed by bugs and creatures that move. The World Health Organization calls attention to that dry season, debased air and water quality and more prominent risks in beach front and low-lying districts will make appalling medical issues. Changes which were brought by the effects of climate change were taken into consideration which in return gave us the establishment of various organisations which took up the responsibility to maintain checks and balances over the changes considering the climatic conditions. Here we shall be signifying on the role of Law and regulations which were put into effect to control the increasing drastic changes of the climatic conditions which shall be addressed in the further instances of the paper. The paper in its further course of action shall contain economic, jurisprudential and social welfare aspects of the Change being brought for sorting the issue of climate change. There can be three board trends through which we can simplify the issue of proper facilitation of laws relating to climate change:-
· Climate Change as a rights based issue;
· Climate change as a financial issue;
· Increasing oversight and enforcement of existing laws.
The question of how at large has there been an increase in the rate of climatic changes since the 20th century and as to what factors are mainly responsible for such a cause to occur shall be examined further in the paper.
Economy and Climate Change:-
The Fourth National Climate Assessment, distributed in 2018, cautioned that on the off chance that we don’t control ozone-depleting substance outflows and begin to adjust, the environmental change could genuinely upset the world economy. Hotter temperatures, ocean level ascent, and extraordinary climate will harm property and basic framework, sway human wellbeing and profitability, and adversely influence areas, for example, farming, ranger service, fisheries, and the travel industry. The interest for vitality will increment as force age turns out to be less solid, and water supplies will be focused. Harm to different nations around the world will likewise influence the world business through an interruption in exchange and supply chains.
An ongoing report[1]inspected how environmental change could influence 22 distinct segments of the economy under two unique situations: if worldwide temperatures rose 2.8˚ C from pre-modern levels by 2100, and in the event that they expanded by 4.5˚ C. The investigation anticipated that if the higher-temperature situation wins, environmental change impacts on these 22 areas could cost the U.S. $520 billion every year. On the off chance that we can keep to 2.8˚ C, it would cost $224 billion less. Regardless, the U.S. stands to endure huge monetary misfortunes because of environmental change, second just to India, as indicated by another examination[2]. Temperatures aren’t rising consistently. The temperatures in the Arctic and Antarctic are rising quicker than those in mild and tropical territories. Thus, parts of the polar vortex have divided from and obstructed the fly stream.[3] Environmental change should be called atmosphere destabilization. It’s made increasingly extraordinary and visit snowstorms, heat waves, and different types of outrageous climate. This incorporates tornados, fier
ce blazes, storms, snowstorms, floods and avalanches, heat waves, and dry spells. It additionally incorporates fierce tempests, regardless of whether they be dust, hail, downpour, day off, ice. A 2017 survey demonstrated that 55% of Americans accept that environmental change exacerbated sea tempests. Subsequently, 48% revealed fearing atmosphere change. The facts confirm that environmental change is the same old thing in Earth’s history. Be that as it may, past changes happened more than a great many years, not decades.
ce blazes, storms, snowstorms, floods and avalanches, heat waves, and dry spells. It additionally incorporates fierce tempests, regardless of whether they be dust, hail, downpour, day off, ice. A 2017 survey demonstrated that 55% of Americans accept that environmental change exacerbated sea tempests. Subsequently, 48% revealed fearing atmosphere change. The facts confirm that environmental change is the same old thing in Earth’s history. Be that as it may, past changes happened more than a great many years, not decades.
· Consequences:–
An Earth-wide temperature boost is the planet’s reaction to more elevated levels of ozone depleting substances in the environment. They make a cover that traps the warmth from the sun and sends it back to the planet’s surface. People caused the present emergency by consuming petroleum derivatives that produce ozone harming substances. As of December 2019, NASA-recorded carbon dioxide levels were 412 sections for every million. The last time levels were this high was 2.6 million years prior during the Pliocene era.Back at that point, the Arctic was 7.7 C, or 14 F, hotter in the mid year than it is currently. Subsequently, it was just solidified throughout the winter. With less ice, ocean levels were 30 meters, or 98 feet, higher than today. That is sufficient to flood New York, London, Miami, San Francisco, and Shanghai. For what reason isn’t the Earth as hot as it was at that point? Ozone depleting substances have risen so quick that temperatures haven’t got an opportunity to make up for lost time. In 1880, they were only 280 ppm. Also, the seas assimilated a large portion of the additional CO2 from the climate. Accordingly, they’ve become 30% increasingly acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution. This is causing a mass eradication of ocean life. For instance, around half of the world’s coral reefs have kicked the bucket over the most recent 30 years. Notwithstanding retaining C02, the seas have additionally ingested 90% of the warmth. At the point when water warms, it grows. That is caused rising ocean levels and flooding. The best 2,300 feet of the sea has warmed 0.3 degrees since 1969. The last time the sea was this warm was 100,000 years ago. Sea levels were 20 to 30 feet higher. The sea has warmed so quick that there hasn’t been sufficient time for higher temperatures to liquefy the cold ice tops. As it does, ocean levels will make up for lost time to where they were last time the sea was this warm. That is sufficient to flood New York, London, and Miami.
A worldwide temperature alteration will proceed regardless of whether not any more ozone harming substances were transmitted beginning tomorrow. The temperature is responding to the ozone harming substances that have just been transmitted. To stop the impacts of environmental change, these gases must be retained from the climate and set back into the ground. [4]The UN 2018’s standpoint presumed that over the most recent 20 years there has been an emotional 150% ascent in direct monetary expenses related with environmental change. Outrageous climate represented 77% of these misfortunes adding up to $2.2 trillion.
· Legality:-
The introduction of laws into the picture of the economic consequences of climatic changes has been an active medium through which climatic change and its course can be reformed. The affects it causes which becomes a result for slow economic growth supported by the reason that the capital flow of a state diverts towards fixing the damages caused by climate change in an economic and as well as in a social manner.
As we speak about economic law reforms in context of climate change, what better place to start than the Paris agreement. As the 2015 Paris agreement became a landmark of an agreement to combat the issue of climate change. It built up a worldwide system that defines expansive limits inside which States and – by augmentation – non-State on-screen characters must work. These incorporate duties to holding the worldwide normal temperature ascend to well underneath 2⁰C and to seek after endeavours to constrain the temperature increment to 1.5°C, to decrease outflows to net-zero by mid-century. The mid-century implies 2050 for created nations and 2060 for creating nat
ions. Numerous nations are making arrangements for net-zero by 2050 and it is a cross-party pattern. Every one of the 197 Paris Agreement signatories or ratifiers have at any rate one law or approach on environmental change and all-inclusive there are more than 1,500-atmosphere laws or strategies. There are likewise more than 1,000 environmental change cases around the world. It has and will keep on prompting expanding guideline as countries ponder meeting the Paris concurred targets.
ions. Numerous nations are making arrangements for net-zero by 2050 and it is a cross-party pattern. Every one of the 197 Paris Agreement signatories or ratifiers have at any rate one law or approach on environmental change and all-inclusive there are more than 1,500-atmosphere laws or strategies. There are likewise more than 1,000 environmental change cases around the world. It has and will keep on prompting expanding guideline as countries ponder meeting the Paris concurred targets.
One of the earliest framework for climate change legislation was introduced in the UK known as the UK Climate Change Act, 2008 which initiated an urge to establish more reforms to battle the issue of climate change. So as we can see that at this present day, Climate change is an issue still at large, the question here arises is that in what other new manners through which climatic conditions can be curbed at a much faster manner and decrease the effects of Climate Change through new reforms and enforcing the existing legal reforms.
Social Welfare And Legality:-
As we move forward with the issue of climate change, we shall look forward with the matter of social aspects of life in connection to that of the climatic changes throughout the course of time. This is finished by giving models on how environmental change represents a danger to endurance needs, physical security, and human rights as a plot in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). While the business world may work on a “primary concern” premise, directed by benefit, the social work field advances the prosperity all things considered, especially the individuals who are underestimated and helpless (National Association of Social Workers, 1999). Social specialists are called to improve human prosperity through the advancement of human rights and social equity. However, in spite of environmental change’s dangers, social work association is by all accounts lacking. The paper starts with a concise clarification of social improvement hypothesis, including key ideas and definitions. It at that point plots the supporters of environmental change, its results, and prescribed activities for social work mediation. The proposals incorporate explicit territories for worldwide, national, and nearby level mediation. At long last, recommendations for additional exploration are given. As expressed in the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics (1999), a major part of social work is the “thoughtfulness regarding the ecological powers that make, add to and address issues in living.” Additionally, it expresses that social labourers participating in strategy work ought to advance enactment that guarantees everybody’s entrance to fundamental human needs. It avows that all individuals ought to have equivalent access to assets. Work towards arrangement usage and change ought to mirror the central standard of social work – advancing human rights and social equity. In light of this, it is fundamental that the issues brought about by environmental change be handled and soon. To get a better picture to brief about the social welfare of people, we shall bring in the social development perspective agenda for elaborating on such issues. The social advancement viewpoint is both multi-disciplinary and cross-sectional (Estes,1994). Established in individuals’ focused qualities, the system incorporates the various powers and force structures which both impact and make cultural conditions (Beverly and Sherraden 1995; Cox and Pawar, 2006). While the hypothesis’ primary center is given to monetary and social factors, it additionally considers different impacts (i.e., political, social, social, and biological elements) applicable to the circumstance (Beverly and Sherraden, 1995; Estes, 1994; Midgley, 1995). Under this system, mediation looks to advance the prosperity of all citizenry through proactive intercession on the full scale, mezzo-, and miniaturized scale levels (Cox and Pawar, 2006; Midgley,1995). The social improvement point of view was grasped by the United Nations during the 1960s to address a large number of variables that both impact and make conditions in creating countries (Midgley, 1995). So as to make up for the special circumstances wherein it is applied, it isn’t guided by exacting limits and definitions (Beverly and Sherraden, 1995). This permits the hypothesis to have more noteworthy adaptability and be applied to a more extensive crowd (Beverly and Sherraden, 1995). In order to address the multiple issues and needed intervention, this paper shall demonstrate three key areas in which the study shall take place, i.e. Multidimensional, social welfare and multilevel proactive intervention.[5]
· Multi dimensional Study:-
This segment perceives countless factors that make and sustain existing conditions (e.g., environmental change). Moreover, it accepts that these factors don’t work autonomously. Rather, it looks to decide the connection between them. Right now, divided factors are merged together to shape a comprehensive investigation of the large scale level (Cox and Pawar, 2006; Midgley, 1995). Right now, the paper outlines the powers which have made the environmental change, furnishing the user with a diagram of the biological, logical, financial, and political powers encompassing the point.
The present normal worldwide temperature is about 0.8°C hotter than during the pre-mechanical period (Davenport, 2014). This planetary warming ha
s prompted environmental changes, for example, extraordinary climate occasions including flooding, dry season desertification, rising ocean levels, higher temperatures, locally lower temperatures, expanded warmth or potentially cool, the retreat of ice sheets, and the quick relaxing of the permafrost. It is anticipated that such occasions will increment in recurrence and force as long as the world’s worldwide mean temperature keeps on ascending at the quick pace seen over the previous century. As clarified by mainstream researchers, these conditions are not brought about ordinarily, itself. Taking a gander at the human exercises that produce these ozone depleting substances, two driving sources are recognized: the consuming of petroleum products to create vitality and the whole mechanical segment, itself (Cuomo, 2011; Dominelli, 2013). Multidimensional examinations have confirmed that a definitive guilty party for environmental change is free-showcase private enterprise.
s prompted environmental changes, for example, extraordinary climate occasions including flooding, dry season desertification, rising ocean levels, higher temperatures, locally lower temperatures, expanded warmth or potentially cool, the retreat of ice sheets, and the quick relaxing of the permafrost. It is anticipated that such occasions will increment in recurrence and force as long as the world’s worldwide mean temperature keeps on ascending at the quick pace seen over the previous century. As clarified by mainstream researchers, these conditions are not brought about ordinarily, itself. Taking a gander at the human exercises that produce these ozone depleting substances, two driving sources are recognized: the consuming of petroleum products to create vitality and the whole mechanical segment, itself (Cuomo, 2011; Dominelli, 2013). Multidimensional examinations have confirmed that a definitive guilty party for environmental change is free-showcase private enterprise.
· Social welfare Study:-
One of the core values of a social improvement structure is that all people have the chance to address their issues and live in a domain that empowers them to flourish While the particular needs differ by culture and network being tended to, the driving subject is the advancement of human rights and prosperity. Notwithstanding taking a gander at how environmental change impacts social welfare, this area takes a gander at its suggestions for social equity, characterized as the equivalent appropriation of advantages and weights to all citizenry. By inspecting a portion of the effects the marvel has on poor provincial ladies in creating countries, this area presents the defense that environmental change qualifies as a worry for the social work calling.
Biological movements related to environmental change are anticipated to both make both new also, compound existing social welfare infringement. For a huge number of reasons, the brunt of these negative effects is probably going to fall on the world’s most unfortunate areas. To feature how environmental change influences social welfare. This research on the aspect of the social welfare study denotes four areas which are our prior concerns. Them being:-
§ Diseases
§ Disasters
§ Food Security
§ Human migration and its conflicts
§ Diseases:-
Environmental change is required to decline the savage ailments that are present across the board in creating countries. Populace developments, specifically, increment the spread and event of an ailment, especially when sanitation offices are non-existent. Diarrheal illnesses, including cholera, regularly originate from the abuse of water supplies in thickly populated territories, for example, evacuee camps. Defiled water can prompt incapacitating sickness, drying out, and death.
§ Disasters:-
By definition, catastrophic events are free of human association. With the beginning of human-caused environmental change, notwithstanding, the line among regular and human-caused calamities is obscuring. Most of established researchers concurs that as temperatures rise, the event and seriousness of catastrophes will increment. Moreover, environmental change-related occasions including storms, outrageous warmth and cold, flooding, and dry seasons will expand the loss of life from cataclysmic events, especially for ladies, youngsters, and the old.
§ Food Security:-
Nourishment frailty straightforwardly impacts social welfare by compromising life-continuing assets. An audit of the proof proposes that ladies, in any case, are increasingly powerless because of the auxiliary outcomes of nourishment deficiencies. One specific model is that nourishment frailty may present hindrances to instruction for young ladies in rustic territories of creating countries. Logical proof recommends that if current patterns proceed with unabated, a two-degree centigrade increment in worldwide mean temperatures could be come to inside an age. In certain zones of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, for instance, as much as a one-degree centigrade increment will probably diminish crop yields by 10%. Aggravating this issue is the desire that the populace in these zones may increment by 30% constantly 2050. Rising populaces and diminishing harvest yields will build the locale’s as of now existing appetite and un healthiness. Furthermore, diminished harvest yields lead to budgetary strain in numerous homes that rely upon cultivating pay.
§ Human Migration and Its Conflicts;-
One of the main reasons why people leave their country is that the regions need characteristic assets. With environmental change undermining the accessibility of the assets basic to social welfare, many will be driven away from their home so as to endure. These people are regularly alluded to as ‘environmental change exiles. One of the numerous issues looked by environmental change evacuees is the failure to guarantee refuge. Rules and definitions in the 1951 Geneva Convention on Refugees don’t make a difference to people who have driven away from their homes because of the effects of environmental change. Therefore, these people have no legitimate standing or insurance. This is additionally confounded by the way that they are probably going to confront viciousness and segregation in the regions they escape to. During times of deficiency, those with access to pined for assets have an expanded need to secure them. Verifiably, this has prompted brutality. As the extension and power of environmental change proceeds, occasions of yearning based movement and viciousness are relied upon to increment.
· Multi pro level intervention study:-
Staggered proactive mediation calls for arranged and conscious intercession on a neighbourhood, national, and worldwide levels. Utilizing a social improvement system, these mediations should hope to redress both the reasons for social welfare misuses and social equity infringement, just as address their underlying drivers. Besides, the individuals who help relieve the present issues ought to likewise get ready for future ones, maintaining a strategic distance from them, if conceivable.
Taking care of the issues brought about by environmental change won’t happen without help from the social work network. Rather, there must be a solid and tenacious exertion so as to correct it. As to the issues encompassing environmental change, this implies the “nothing new” model will proceed with unchecked except if some type of intentional and key mediation is made. While there are numerous approaches to address the issues encompassing environmental change, some types of activity will be fundamental. The most evident ones can be classified in one of two different ways: relief(Mediation) or adaption. Despite the fact that these methodologies are in a general sense unique, both advance social welfare and ensure against social foul play.
Conclusion:-
In determination: we will require a blend of adjustment and alleviation measures to address the difficulty of environmental change, however this is hampered by an absence of data on the expenses and advantages of adjustment. Indeed, even the most stringent alleviation endeavours can’t keep away f
rom certain effects of environmental change throughout the following not many decades.[6] Few effect assessments have now been finished for situations in which future barometrical convergences of ozone harming substances are balanced out. In spite of the fact that these examinations don’t assess vulnerabilities in anticipated atmosphere under adjustment, they by and by give signs of harm kept away from or vulnerabilities and dangers decreased for various measures of discharges decrease. For sure, we are starting to see these effects now. This makes adjustment basic, especially in tending to approach term impacts. Be that as it may, unmitigated environmental change would, in the long haul, probably surpass our ability to adjust. It is basic, at that point, to build up a portfolio or blend of techniques that incorporates relief, adjustment, technological improvement (to upgrade both adjustment and alleviation) and research (on atmosphere science, effects, adjustment and moderation). Yet, investigation of the advantages of different blends of technique is seriously limited at present by absence of data on potential expenses of effects, by absence of tantamount data on the harm that could be stayed away from by adjustment and, particularly, by absence of comprehension of how these effects will change under various financial advancement pathways. It is significant that these holes in our insight are filled rapidly.
rom certain effects of environmental change throughout the following not many decades.[6] Few effect assessments have now been finished for situations in which future barometrical convergences of ozone harming substances are balanced out. In spite of the fact that these examinations don’t assess vulnerabilities in anticipated atmosphere under adjustment, they by and by give signs of harm kept away from or vulnerabilities and dangers decreased for various measures of discharges decrease. For sure, we are starting to see these effects now. This makes adjustment basic, especially in tending to approach term impacts. Be that as it may, unmitigated environmental change would, in the long haul, probably surpass our ability to adjust. It is basic, at that point, to build up a portfolio or blend of techniques that incorporates relief, adjustment, technological improvement (to upgrade both adjustment and alleviation) and research (on atmosphere science, effects, adjustment and moderation). Yet, investigation of the advantages of different blends of technique is seriously limited at present by absence of data on potential expenses of effects, by absence of tantamount data on the harm that could be stayed away from by adjustment and, particularly, by absence of comprehension of how these effects will change under various financial advancement pathways. It is significant that these holes in our insight are filled rapidly.
References:-
· IPCC, 2007(c): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 102 pp.
· Climate Change: Threats to Social Welfare and Social Justice Requiring Social Work Intervention by Lauren Caroline Achstatter
· Wuebbles, D. J. et al. (eds) Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume I (US Global Change Research Program, 2017).
· The Weather channel, “ The polar vortex has fallen apart, which is likely to unleash a cooler end to January”.
· Climate Change: Information on Potential Economic Effects Could Help Guide Federal Efforts to Reduce Fiscal Exposure GAO-17-720 (US Government Accountability Office, 2017).
[1] Wuebbles, D. J. et al. (eds) Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume I (US Global Change Research Program, 2017).
[2] Climate Change: Information on Potential Economic Effects Could Help Guide Federal Efforts to Reduce Fiscal Exposure GAO-17-720 (US Government Accountability Office, 2017).
[3] The Weather channel, “ The polar vortex has fallen apart, which is likely to unleash a cooler end to January”.
[4] https://www.thebalance
.com/economic-impact-of-climate-change-3305682
.com/economic-impact-of-climate-change-3305682
[5] Climate Change: Threats to Social Welfare and Social Justice Requiring Social Work Intervention by Lauren Caroline Achstatter
[6] IPCC, 2007(c): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 102 pp.